Evaluation of the Coagulation and Flocculation Process Using Plantago major L. Seed Extract as a Natural Coagulant in Treating Paper and Paperboard Industry Wastewater

Introduction: Paper and paperboard industry wastewater has potentially damaging effects on the ecosystem of the receiving environments due to the presence of toxic compounds. As a result, the treatment of such wastewater is necessary prior to discharge into the environment. In this study, the potential of Plantago major L. seed extract as a natural coagulant in treating paper and paperboard industry wastewater was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study that was carried out in vitro, the effects of the pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) of the solution and different doses (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 g/L) of coagulant were studied. At each step of optimization turbidity, TSS and COD were measured according to the methods presented in the books on water and wastewater testing standards. Results: Optimal pH for removal of turbidity, TSS and COD using Plantago major L. seed extract was determined 10, with the removal efficiency of 60%, 76% and 36%, respectively. The optimal dose of coagulant was obtained 0.1 g/L, with the maximum efficiency of 80%, 87% and 37.7% for turbidity, TSS and COD, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, Plantago major L. seed extract can be used as a natural coagulant without causing environmental risks.